Letters from the Japanese American Internment – Smithsonian Education Using a large-scale, rectangular canvas to mimic the look of a movie screen, Casas explored the impact of cinema and the media, focusing on the objectification of women early on. Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson AO (born January 3, 1956) is an American actor, film director, producer, and screenwriter. Now consider this painting by Mexican-American artist Mel Casas: ... (Use the term list as a guide) Use those terms to discuss possible interpretations of Brownies of the Southwest. – Mel Casas. He continued his studies at the University of the Americas in Mexico City, where he earned a master’s degree before moving to San Antonio in 1961. His piece, “Brownies of the Southwest” is one of the few by an American pop artist. There are three separate settlements which are three miles apart and capable of housing 20,000 people. I deeply felt America’s largeheartedness in dealing with us.” Her words express only sadness and gratitude towards the American authorities. As an American artist of Mexican heritage, but one who did not self-identify with the term Chicano, he wondered: were his paintings considered Chicano art because he was Chicano? We are in the Northern settlement which has facilities for 10,000. We had no way of knowing what had occurred. The ad warns the consumer, “Caution: he loves crunchy Fritos corn ships so much he’ll stop at nothing to get yours. On his personal business card, Casas referred to himself as a “cultural adjuster.”, “It’s what he’d come up with to describe himself and what he did with his art,” Grace Casas said. Mel Casas, a long time resident of San Antonio and art professor at San Antonio College for nearly 30 years, is one of the featured artists included in the new exhibition. San Antonio-based artist Mel Casas died on November 30, 2014 after a two-year battle with cancer. Between 1980 and 1983, Shimomura completed twenty-five paintings in the “Diary” series, each paired with a specific diary excerpt. In addition to paintings that explored the impact of media, he created works about the Vietnam War, national politics, and censorship. Photo: RODOLFO B. ORNELAS, STAFF / SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWS. Mel, Veneto - Mel was a comune (municipality) in the province of Belluno in the Italian region of Veneto, located about north of Venice and about southwest of Belluno and about northeast of Feltre. The book does not appear to have a title, and the inclusion of the writing set indicates that the book may be a diary or journal. Yuma is on Interstate 8, about 2 hours and 40 minutes east of San Diego, and 2 hours and 30 minutes west of the town of Casa Grande at the intersection of Interstates 8 and 10 between Phoenix and Tucson. Courtesy of Densho, the Yamada Collection. Smarthistory’s “Superman, World War II, and Japanese-American Experience”. The Japanese American National Museum, a Smithsonian affiliate in Los Angeles, presents personal accounts of the internment in an online exhibition, Dear Miss Breed: Letters from Camp. Knowing that Roger Shimomura used his grandmother’s diary entry as a basis for creating this piece, we can infer that the Superman-like figure may represent the “large-hearted” American Toku referred to in her diary. The painting entitled Diary: December 12, 1941, based on an entry dated five days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, is especially effective in suggesting the psychological dynamics of guilt, fear, and resignation involved in the Japanese-American dilemma created by that event. An image of the Frito Bandito is depicted astride a pre-Colombian skeletal figure. An excerpt is below. You kept hearing awful rumors. There were two rows of toilets facing each other with no doors. We were so damn naïve. Learn chicano art with free interactive flashcards. Smithsonian American Art Museum Museum, purchase through the Luisita L. and Franz H. Denghausen Endowment © 1970, the Casas Family. Tortilla soup or house salad, a lunch portion of mesquite-grilled chicken fajitas with flour tortillas, pico de gallo, sour cream, cheese, guacamole, Mexican rice, refried beans and two sopapillas or an individual brownie … Mel Casas’s pun-laced Humanscape 62 combines elements familiar to many Americans: brownie desserts and a young Girl Scout (a Brownie), with traditional Mexican imagery. Later mess halls were built and staffed by our own cooks and food got better. Casas’s Humanscape 62 was created during the debate over Frito Bandito. Family pets were left behind. While some cultural stereotypes may seem harmless on the surface, the internment of approximately 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry living in the United States – 62% of them U.S. citizens – illustrates what can happen when stereotypes and racism are allowed to go unchecked. We can’t just run on instinct.”. Photo courtesy of Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center, In August 1942, Roger Shimomura and his family traveled by train to the Minidoka Relocation Center in Idaho – one of ten relocation camps ran by the War Relocation Authority on the West Coast. . After taking the workers home, around 7 P. M., I stopped by the Nixon’s grocery store to buy something. It made you feel that you knew what it was to die, to go somewhere you couldn’t take anything but what you had inside you. Early “Humanscape” artworks explored how the media shapes our idea of beauty and desire – and the dominance of what Casas’ called the “Barbie Doll Ideal,” referencing the white female figure. The business has grown to employ six full-time workers to produce around 100 loaves of bread a day, as well as cookies, cinnamon rolls, brownies, turnovers, and … Reconstruct the literal meaning of a historical passage. "Mel Casas: Artist as Cultural Adjuster" is a book that will appeal to many audiences from everyday people to academics. I recommended H. 62 (Brownies of the Southwest), and because by that time Mel had given his wife Grace the authority to make decisions concerning his work, the purchase was made. This painting, which comes from a larger series of works called “Humanscapes,” were actually inspired by Casas’ experience seeing a drive-in movie screen and seeing these huge images of people and things. Japanese American Exclusion Orders During WWII – Smithsonian National Museum of American History, Japanese American Incarceration Era Collections – Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Melesio (Mel) Casas, born in El Paso, Texas, on November 24, 1929, passed away at his home in San Antonio on Sunday, November 30, 2014. The epithet refers to the protestors’ answering “no” to two questions on the “loyalty questionnaire,” or Leave Clearance Application Form. Kenjiro Nomura painted The Farm under the auspices of the Public Works of Art Project during the Depression. Superman is known as the defender of “truth, justice, and the American way”; with this painting, Shimomura challenges us to reconcile these ideals with the reality of one of the most unjust chapters in U.S. history. Distinguish between past, present, and future time. City Council race a faceoff between dynasties? The green double-headed serpent mosaic references a well-known Aztec object in the collection of the British Museum, and its iconography has great religious significance in Mexican culture. . In spite of his illness, Casas continued working up until about seven months ago, Grace Casas said. Naturalization Act of 1906: signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt, the act limited racial eligibility for citizenship. Words that come to mind might be “strong,” “heroic,” or “protective.”. While they were at the County Fair Grounds we teachers visited them regularly and brought them school books and assignments and a few “goodies” for treats. I tried to reassure my pupils that before too long they’d be back with us again. “I’d never experienced heat like that. Expectations regarding the early phases of internment were clearly detailed. ... Crispy Southwest Chicken Wraps. December 23, 2013. The group of women on the opposite side of the painting might be Native American or Mexican-American people of the Southwest. It will be in the “Pop América” show at the McNay. Those detained were community leaders, Shinto and Buddhist priests, newspaper reporters, Japanese language teachers, and any who had ties to suspected Japanese publications. It’s a bowl full of the most addictive sweet and salty deliciousness. But in the painting, he emphasizes a growing feeling of isolation and confinement, symbolized by the disposition of the converging screens that barely allows enough space for the figure. Ester Hernandez "Sun Mad" 1981. Superman is not the all-American hero as he appears in the comics. They refer to product-packaging for the popular cake-like treat, as much as chocolate, brownies' main ingredient, whose origin is Mesoamerican. In the early 1980’s, Shimomura created twenty-five paintings in the Diary series, based on the diary of his grandmother’s experience as an internee at the Minidoka Relocation Center near Hagerman, Idaho. The images explore the artist’s interest in psychology and popular media culture. This episode looks at the painting “Humanscape 62” by Melesio Casas. . No-No Boys: the colloquial term for detained Japanese Americans who answered “no” to questions 27 and 28 on the so-called “loyalty questionnaire” during World War II. Wake up every morning with Big Mama and The Wild Bunch on B1039. Each of these artworks are part of a larger series. Our America: The Latino Presence in American Art – Melesio Casas (4 min) September 11, 2001: on this day, a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks took place by the Islamic terrorist group Al-Qaeda, targeting symbolic American landmarks. By including the subtitle "Brownies of the Southwest" directly on the painting, Casas satirically invited viewers to ponder what and for whom these brown people and things mean. The first official act of the relocation effort was to notify “all persons of Japanese ancestry” of the evacuation from the military zone along the west coast. After the Japanese left, however, many white people came in trucks, intending to take away all kinds of belongings. . What can we learn about the experiences of Japanese-Americans in the 20th century from this painting? Here's what they say. Artist, 'cultural adjuster’ Mel Casas has died. In the 1985 catalogue for an exhibition of the “Diary” series, Shimomura commented on this contradictory character, noting: The dichotomy between craft and subject [is probably] appropriate, like memory brought back into focus. What’s she doing here?” Mrs. Hannah Nixon came over to me and said to her friends, “Shame on you, all of you. Artist Mel Casas, pictured in his home in 2001, helped found the influential Chicano art group Con Safos. When the evacuation order finally came I was relieved, Lots of people were relieved, because you were taken care of. Design by Purr. Using visual wordplay, Casas asks the viewer to question what being “brown” means to different people in different contexts. Or is it a subject thing? Shimomura remembers little from that period, but recalls that adjusting to the harsh Idaho winter was difficult. The Frito Bandito was controversial for its racist depiction of a “Mexican bandit” stereotype, a sombrero-clad criminal on the run from authorities who spoke broken English with an exaggerated Mexican accent. As a painter, Casas began his career as an abstract expressionist, but returned to representational work in the mid-1960s and launched his “Humanscape” series. SAN ANTONIO — Mel Casas is probably best known for politically charged paintings such as “Humanscape 62 (Brownies of the Southwest),” one of a … . The law established ten relocation centers in the western part of the country to house Japanese Americans, two-thirds of whom were native-born. The day of Pearl Harbor, we had left home very early and had worked all day in the field. They bring a unique perspective to this subject that is attuned to the vernacular traditions of urban, working-class communities. These assembly centers were hastily converted, with sanitation, food, and health care facilities well below standard. Combining Pop Art aesthetics with cartoon imagery, Shimomura’s series is based off of entries in the diary his grandmother Toku Shimomura kept while the family was interned at Camp Minidoka in Hunt, Idaho. Sign Up. There was no privacy in the showers either. At the time, Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes wrote to President Roosevelt about his objections to the relocation camps, stating that they were “clearly unconstitutional,” and that “the continued retention of these innocent people in the relocation centers would be a blot upon the history of this country.” Ickes elaborated on his position in 1946 after the war had ended: As a member of President Roosevelt’s administration, I saw the United States Army give way to mass hysteria over the Japanese. I always looked for Jimmie and reassured him that his dog was well cared for and happy in that big old barn that was now his dog’s home. The dung beneath the boards smelled to high heaven. Weekly Menu. . Every Year at Christmas we make our favorite Chex Mix treat with Coconut, Almonds and Golden Grahams! The questions asked, “Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty wherever ordered?” and “Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any of all attack by foreign or domestic forces, and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, to any foreign government, power, or organization?” Japanese internees who had proclaimed themselves loyal began the load road of returning to a normal life, either through the work-release program or through military service. 9-12 – Evaluate the continuing struggle for e pluribus unum amid debates over national vs. group identity, group rights vs. individual rights, multiculturalism, and bilingual education. But when they saw us watching, they left. In the first pair of artworks to emerge in the contemporary era, we have two works that deal with the issues of nationality, identity and the assimilation of cultures. Emanual Martinez, Mike Maestas, and Al and Fred Sanchez "La Alma" 1977. View flight status, special offers, book rental cars and hotels and more on southwest.com. Mint Brownie and Oreo Hot Fudge Trifle with Minty Cream Cheese Whipped Cream. ... ©2021 Mel's Kitchen Cafe. We like to have all Americans speak only English. “Approaching Research: Diary: December 12, 1941” (PDF) – Smithsonian American Art Museum Where do we see “brownies” in this image? Our Story: Life in a WWII Japanese American Internment Camp – Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Mel Casas, Humanscape 62, (Brownies of the Southwest), (Panoramas humanos 62; Brownies del sudoeste), 1970, acrílico sobre lienzo, 182.9 x 243.8 cm, Smithsonian American Art Museum. Starting from today we were permitted to withdraw $100 from the bank. I felt a need to express something about what was going on. What kinds of words would you use to describe this figure? 9-12 – Identify the major issues that affected immigrants and explain the conflicts these issues engendered. By December 11 the number of those taken had reached 1,300. You didn’t know when the blow was going to fall, or what was going to happen. This prejudice manifested into laws which denied Japanese citizenship and barred them from owning property. The term came to prominence during the Chicano Rights Movement. Casas has integrated the Frito Bandito into an iconic piece of imagery from Latin American culture. Is he protecting this woman, or is he her captor? Huge chocolate brownies occupy the majority of the top register, and are a nod to something both commonplace and historical. The internment of Japanese Americans was the result of the fear the Japanese would attack the mainland and of longstanding anti-Asian sentiment on the West Coast that began when Chinese labor was imported in the 1850s and that was reflected in the 1924 Immigration Act specifically excluding Japanese. I deeply felt America’s largeheartedness in dealing with us.”. Mel Casas: Art about Art, 1975-1981, San Antonio Central Public Library, July 1-31, 2015. Among San Antonio’s best barbecue restaurants are 3 new places that opened in the last year, Alamodome to be converted into no-cost vaccination site, San Antonio announces, ‘It’s just crazy’ — Frustration mounts over vaccine rollout, Delays and confusion plague vaccine rollout, Bexar County’s criminal trial backlog is increasing, Despite Capitol mayhem, Trump still has staunch supporters. What are the objects on the table? Sign Up. Carmen Lomas Garza "Curandera" 1974. Caramel Brownies. We heard that many Japanese homes were looted, especially in the cities, but no one protested such actions. ukiyo-e: a Japanese genre of art depicting subjects from everyday life, which flourished from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. What is its significance? get my best recipes + tipsstraight to your inbox. Mel Casas "Brownies of the Southwest" 1970. Perched atop the double-headed serpent mosaic is the Frito Bandito, the former Fritos corn chips mascot who appeared in late 1960s television commercials for the brand. Issei: a Japanese term meaning “first generation.” Used to describe the first Japanese to immigrate to the United States. We slept on straw mattresses. We have a neighbor who escaped from Auschwitz during the war, and there’s no comparison. With the history of art as its foundation, Kelker took several steps to correlate Casas’ body of works to America’s social history, popular culture, psychology, gender studies, and issues of social justice. During WWII almost 120,000 Japanese Americans were uprooted from the West Coast regions that were deemed military exclusion zones, moved cities and states away, and controlled under severe restrictions. In Shimomura’s artwork, he personifies a domineering American federal government, responsible for imprisoning nearly 120,000 Americans of Japanese ancestry during World War II. I had never experienced wind like that, and the sandstorms. Families had small apartments in the barracks. Mirikitani spent nearly four years at Tule Lake Relocation Center in Newell, California. Painted in 1970, this artwork is part of Casas’ “Humanscape” series, each which feature a large central image that evokes a television or movie screen, populated with everyday life imagery. Mel Casas has given this painting a subtitle, located at the bottom of the canvas. . While the order did not explicitly reference Japanese Americans, they were the clear targets of the military order. Many like Jimmy were forced to renounce their U.S. citizenship, and over 1300 Japanese-Americans were expatriated to Japan. Mel Casas, Humanscape 62 (Brownies of the Southwest), 1970, acrylic on canvas, 6 x 8’, Smithsonian American Art Museum, photograph by Ruben C. Cordova She faces the problem of feeling isolated in a country that is supposed to be accepting and respectful of different cultures. Chicano artist Melesio "Mel" Casas was protesting the same kind of stereotyping when he painted Brownies of the Southwest (Humanscape 62) in 1970. Courtesy/Mel Casas Show … Observing details and analyzing components of the painting, then putting them in historical context, enables the viewer to interpret the overall message of the work of art. The date in the painting’s title refers to the date of a diary entry by the artist’s grandmother, Toku Shimomura, which reads (in translation from Japanese): I spent all day at home. “They’re so much deeper than the surface glance would make you think. Casas’ personal experiences as a bilingual American also influenced his decision to tackle these issues in his artwork. She began her journalism career at the San Antonio Light in 1990 after graduating from Trinity University with a degree in English and communications. The preceding information supports the following Historical Thinking-based concepts: Standard 3. This Mel Casas painting is part of his “Humanscapes” series. Much too soon, our pupils left for their new temporary homes. The inclusion of Superman is a reference to Shimomura’s love of comic books. Their ineligibility for naturalized citizenship stemmed from the Naturalization Act of 1906, which allowed only the naturalization of “free white persons,” and “persons of African nativity or persons of African descent.” The Asian Exclusion Act of 1924 effectively ended the wave of Japanese immigration because it set quotas for individual countries based on the number of its foreign nationals living in the U.S. This collaboration between artists Byron Kim and Glenn Ligon is a grouping of thirty-two small monochromatic paintings based on skin tones; sixteen versions of black skintone straight out of the paint tube and sixteen versions of white skintone straight out of the paint tube. In 1970, he began creating works dealing with Mexican-American cultural issues. 77 (Temporary Loss of Image)”, New San Antonio music festival’s name sparks debate about culture vs. commerce, Influential Latinos focus of exhibit at the San Antonio Museum of Art, City names Distinction in the Arts honorees, BCSO investigating lieutenant who posted photos of herself among pro-Trump mob at U.S. Capitol, Texas will create ‘vaccination hubs,’ prioritize large providers in COVID-19 vaccine distribution next week, Commentary: U.S. Senate should expel Ted Cruz. Support interpretations with historical evidence. Casas was best known for pointed visual statements that questioned cultural stereotypes and portrayals of Mexican Americans in the media, works such as “Humanscape 62 (Brownies of the Southwest),” an iconic painting currently in the Smithsonian’s permanent collection. With the history of art as its foundation, Kelker took several steps to correlate Casas’ body of works to America’s social history, popular culture, psychology, gender studies, and issues of social justice. Casas’ Humanscape 62 crystallizes many of the recurring concerns featured in Chicano art of the late 1960s and 1970s. And so it strengthened you. This is the time to remember your religion and practice it.” What a wonderful, courageous woman to take such an unpopular stand for me, an Oriental, upon whom every white person was looking with hatred.”, Cemetery, Tule Lake, 2002, Jimmy Tsutomu Mirikitani. were the most exciting to work on because I have to deal with the relationship between political (literal) and visual issues; in this case maybe a little like putting perfume over body odor. Comic books are also stylistically similar to ukiyo-e prints; a connection Shimomura acknowledged once, saying, “I realized that the only difference between Minnie Mouse and [the women in ukiyo-e prints] was race.”. Japanese Americans, it was argued, could not be trusted (many German Americans and Italian Americans were also seen as suspect, but not subjected to relocation and internment). She writes primarily about visual arts. It will be in the “Pop América” show at the McNay. This injustice brought his career to an end until 1947, when he began exhibiting again, Black & White, 1993, Byron Kim and Glenn Ligon. _Humanscape 62_, 1970, by Melesio Casas. SAN ANTONIO — Mel Casas is probably best known for politically charged paintings such as “Humanscape 62 (Brownies of the Southwest),” one … Apart and capable of housing 20,000 people only four months, and is best known for his paintings... That we would look after their farms ; they told us to take care us... 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